Žiče

Parish church of St Peter

List of paintings

001_Žiče, zunanjščina / exterior

The village of Žiče or Žička vas was first mentioned as early as 1173, when the Patriarch of Aquileia, Ulrich II, gifted the tithe from his local properties to the Žiče Charterhouse.[1] The gift was also confirmed by the first Duke of Styria, Ottokar I (IV), the son of the monastery’s founder, Margrave Ottokar III of Traungau, in a charter from 1182.[2] As early as 1305, the Carthusians allegedly asked the Cardinal and Papal Legate Napoleon Ursini for permission to erect a chapel in Žiče, and a charter of approval was issued in 1308.[3] In 1310, Duke Frederick III ordered Ulrich of Sannegg to take special care of the monastery properties near Žička vas,[4] among other things. Despite several agreements, the interests of the Konjice parish priests remained prominent in the village, as attested to at least by a document from 1375, in which the parish priest Ulrik Troephel undertook to stop undermining the monastery, and a document from 1392, in which the parish priest Peter Topoltz guaranteed that the income of the church of St Peter would go to some cleric; this deed is also considered the first reference to this church.[5] Around 1788, the church of St Peter became the seat of the parish; while in 1991, it was merged with the parish of Špitalič.[6]

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[1] KOS 1915, pp. 274–275; MLINARIČ 1991, pp. 39, 48, 557.
[2] MLINARIČ 1991, pp. 50–51.
[3] STEGENŠEK 1909, p. 166; MLINARIČ 1991, p. 75.
[4] MLINARIČ 1991, pp. 77–78.
[5] MLINARIČ 1991, p. 75.
[6] Krajevni leksikon Slovenije 1976, p. 312; 600 let župnijske cerkve sv. Petra v Žičah 1992, s. p. According to a parish chronicle transcription, the church also had cemetery rights from at least since the 18th century, while the original establishment of the sub-parish was not carried out until the 19th century, allegedly due to the shortage of priests.

Today’s correctly oriented building shows a relatively uniform appearance from the first centuries of the Modern Period. It consists of a single-nave space featuring four cross vaults of different dimensions and, on the western side, a west gallery or choir loft supported by two columns. The chancel consists of a slightly irregular (trapezoidal) square cross-vaulted bay terminating simply in three sides of an octagon. A belfry with a low extension on its western side is located along the chancel’s northern wall, while a single-storey sacristy is located on the southern side next to the junction between the nave and the chancel. The main portal is inscribed with the year 1705, while the side portal, located approximately in the centre of the nave’s southern wall, bears the year 1661. The archival information suggests that the abbot of Žiče planned the construction of a chapel or a succursal church in Žiče or its surroundings at least as early as 1305. To this end, he was allegedly able to obtain at least a conditional permission in 1308. By the end of the 14th century or the year 1392, the building had certainly been erected in the village, as a reference to the succursal church of St Peter in Žiče dates back to that point.[1] Due to many adaptations in the Modern Period, in 1909, Augustin Stegenšek assumed that nothing remained of the original medieval building.[2] However, more recent research – including, most notably, precisely the discovery of medieval murals on the southern wall of the nave – has revealed that this is not the case. Given the murals, which can be dated to the second quarter of the 14th century based on their style, and Ivan Curk’s observations (from before 1967, which means that he was still unaware of the murals) that the present western wall is also medieval (although Curk did not provide any specific arguments for this assumption),[3] we can conclude that most of the present nave is still medieval. Initially, the nave was probably lower and not vaulted. The photographic documentation, assembled during the conservation and restoration works in 1967, indicates that an jesogival Gothic window was once located above the present southern portal. The top of its arch was at about the level of St Christopher’s left hand, but it was once again covered with plaster once the works were completed later that year.[4] Research from the year 2002 revealed that a simple Gothic side portal was apparently preserved under the plaster of the northern wall.[5] As can be concluded from the architectural details on the southern side of the belfry, which was probably added to the medieval church in the 16th century, the chancel had originally been much lower. A passageway has been preserved on the first floor, while above it, traces of the original double-pitched roof are still visible, suggesting that the original altar area was so much lower that a special corridor had to be constructed to access the attic from the belfry.[6] For the first half of the 14th century, a smaller chancel, consisting of five sides of an octagon, would not have been unusual for a succursal church in the territory of today’s Slovenia. It is also not surprising that, apparently, the building did not yet have a belfry in the Middle Ages, although the 2006 report describes the belfry loopholes as Gothic.[7] The church was probably substantially rebuilt when the southern portal was constructed around 1660/1661. At that time, the nave was probably raised and vaulted, the west gallery or choir loft was added, the window openings were changed to rectangular, semicircular, and round, while the old chancel was completely demolished and replaced by the present one. At this stage, the original Gothic portal in the western wall was probably still preserved and was not replaced until 1705, when the belfry was also apparently raised and covered with a bulbous roof. The parish chronicle shows that in the 18th century, an extension was added to the basement west of the belfry, which served as a mortuary. Around that time, the sacristy was also raised by one storey, where an additional chapel was furnished.[8] During the last restoration, which began in 2002, the church exterior was given its present appearance with the removal of the mortuary and the reconstruction of the painted quoins from the 17th and 18th centuries.[9]

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[1] STEGENŠEK 1909, p. 166; MLINARIČ 1991, p. 75.
[2] STEGENŠEK 1909, p. 166.
[3] CURK 1967, p. 74.
[4] Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Celje, photo library, Žiče, ž. c. sv. Petra, box 2, photos 4, 5 (Ivan Stopar, September 1967, negative A150/19, 31).
[5] BADOVINAC 2006, p. 196.
[6] STEGENŠEK 1909, p. 166; CURK 1967, p. 74.
[7] BADOVINAC 2006, p. 196.
[8] STEGENŠEK 1909, p. 16; CURK 1967, pp. 72, 74; 600 let župnijske cerkve sv. Petra v Žičah 1992, s. p. According to a parish chronicle transcription, the extension next to the belfry was constructed in the 18th century when the bell tower was raised, while the chapel above the sacristy was furnished in 1890.
[9] BADOVINAC 2006, p. 196.

In the summer of 1967, Anton Tomažič, the parish priest of Žiče, informed the Institute for the Protection of Monuments in Celje that two older murals had been discovered during the renovation of the façade by the side entrance to the church.[1] France Stele recognised the portrayal of St Christopher as one of the earliest examples of this iconographic motif in Slovenia[2] and placed both murals in the group of the so-called early Gothic drawing style.[3] He dated the mural to the first half of the 14th century, though only in the caption to the image of St Christopher in the book Slikarstvo v Sloveniji od 12. do srede 16. stoletja.[4] In the context of researching the issue of mural paintings on church exteriors in Slovenia, Robert Peskar focused on Žiče in the first half of the 1990s,[5] while the iconographic treatment of Mary’s image was carried out by Lev Menaše in 1994.[6] It was not until Tanja Zimmermann’s doctoral dissertation in 1996 that the murals were examined more meticulously. Mateja Janša summed up her findings in her 2001 diploma thesis,[7] while in 2004, Janez Höfler mostly agreed with them. However, he points out that a more detailed analysis is impossible due to the murals’ poor preservation and heavy retouching, which has obscured the murals’ physical relationship regarding the position of the layers.[8]

 

BADOVINAC 1992
Bogdan BADOVINAC, Žiče, cerkev sv. Petra, Varstvo spomenikov, 34, 1992, p. 323.

BADOVINAC 2006
Bogdan BADOVINAC, Žiče, cerkev sv. Petra, Varstvo spomenikov. Poročila, 42, 2006, pp. 195–196.

CURK 1967
Jože CURK, Topografsko gradivo. 4: Sakralni spomeniki na območju občine Slovenske Konjice, Celje 1967.

HÖFLER 2001
Janez HÖFLER, Srednjeveške freske v Sloveniji. 3: Okolica Ljubljane z Notranjsko, Dolenjsko in Belo krajino, Ljubljana 2001.

HÖFLER 2004
Janez HÖFLER, Srednjeveške freske v Sloveniji. 4: Vzhodna Slovenija, Ljubljana 2004.

JANŠA 2001
Mateja JANŠA, Pregled stenskega slikarstva na Spodnjem Štajerskem od konca 14. do sredine 16. stoletja, Ljubljana 2001 (diploma thesis typescript).

KOS 1915
Franc KOS, Gradivo za zgodovino Slovencev v srednjem veku. 4: 1101–1200, Ljubljana 1915.

Krajevni leksikon Slovenije 1976
Krajevni leksikon Slovenije. 3: Svet med Savinjskimi Alpami in Sotlo (edd. Roman Savnik, France Planina), Ljubljana 1976.

MENAŠE 1994
Lev MENAŠE, Marija v slovenski umetnosti. Ikonologija slovenske marijanske umetnosti od začetkov do prve svetovne vojne, Celje 1994.

MLINARIČ 1991
Jože MLINARIČ, Kartuziji Žiče in Jurklošter. Žička kartuzija ok. 1160–1782. Jurkloštrska kartuzija ok. 1170–1595, Maribor 1991.

OTER GORENČIČ 2024
Mija OTER GORENČIČ, Kužne slike v srednjeveškem stenskem slikarstvu Slovenije, Epidemije in zdravstvo. Zgodovinski pogled (ed. Katarina Keber), Ljubljana 2024, pp. 75–129.

PESKAR 1991
Robert PESKAR, Srednjeveške poslikave zunanjščin cerkva v osrednji Sloveniji, Ljubljana 1991 (diploma thesis typescript).

PESKAR 1995
Robert PESKAR, Srednjeveške poslikave cerkvenih zunanjščin v Sloveniji/Mittelalterliche sakrale Außenmalereien in Slowenien, Gotika v Sloveniji. Nastajanje kulturnega prostora med Alpami, Panonijo in Jadranom/Gotik in Slowenien. Vom Werden des Kulturraums zwischen Alpen, Pannonien und Adria/Il gotico in Slovenia. La formazione dello spazio culturale tra le Alpi, la Pannonia e l’Adriatico (ed. Janez Höfler), Ljubljana 1995, pp. 309–319, 321–329.

STEGENŠEK 1909
Avguštin STEGENŠEK, Konjiška dekanija, Maribor 1909 (Umetniški spomeniki Lavantinske škofije, 2).

STELE 1969
France STELE, Slikarstvo v Sloveniji od 12. do srede 16. stoletja, Ljubljana 1969.

STELE 1972
France STELE, Gotsko stensko slikarstvo, Ljubljana 1972.

600 let župnijske cerkve sv. Petra v Žičah 1992
600 let župnijske cerkve sv. Petra v Žičah. 15. avgust 1992 (ed. Stane Nežič), Žiče 1992 (typescript).

VODNIK 1998
Alenka VODNIK, Tekstilni vzorci v srednjeveškem stenskem slikarstvu na Slovenskem, Ljubljana 1998.

ZIMMERMANN 1996
Tanja ZIMMERMANN, Stensko slikarstvo poznega 13. in 14. stoletja na Slovenskem, Ljubljana 1996 (doctoral dissertation typescript).

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[1] Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Celje, documentation Žiče – ž. c. sv. Petra, a letter from the Žiče parish priest Anton Tomažič to the Institute for the Protection of Monuments in Celje, 7 August 1967.
[2] STELE 1969, p. 25.
[3] STELE 1969, p. 134; STELE 1972, p. X.
[4] STELE 1969, p. 339, fig. 265.
[5] PESKAR 1991, pp. 10, 20; PESKAR 1995, p. 310.
[6] MENAŠE 1994, p. 132.
[7] JANŠA 2001, pp. 69–70.
[8] HÖFLER 2004, pp. 257–258. In their bibliographies, Tanja Zimmermann and Janez Höfler also cite Ivan Komelj’s report from 1971 (Varstvo spomenikov, 22, 1971, p. 46), but it only very briefly mentions the frescoes uncovered in the Žiče Charterhouse.

The murals were discovered in the summer of 1967 during the renovation of the church exterior, and the uncovering was undertaken by the Celje regional unit of the Institute for the Protection of Monuments.[1] The next documented intervention was carried out in 1991 by the restorer Aleš Sotler and his team of colleagues from the Restoration Centre of the Republic of Slovenia.[2] Sotler’s report and the visual materials show that the paintings were not fully restored during the works at the end of the 1960s. The severely deteriorated murals, which had been without adequate protection, were only covered with putty to a small extent in the upper and lower parts.[3] During the 1991 interventions, the murals were cleaned, putty was applied to all the damage, and they were completed with retouches.[4] At the end of the 1990s, a canopy was also added.[5]

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[1] Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Celje, documentation Žiče – ž. c. sv. Petra, a letter from the Žiče parish priest Anton Tomažič to the Institute for the Protection of Monuments in Celje, 7 August 1967 and photo library, Žiče, ž. c. sv. Petra, box 2, photos 4, 5 (Ivan Stopar, september 1967, negative A150/19, 31); HÖFLER 2004, p. 257.
[2] BADOVINAC 1992, p. 323.
[3] Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Celje, documentation Žiče – ž. c. sv. Petra, a letter from the Restoration Centre of the Republic of Slovenia to the Institute for the Protection of the Natural and Cultural Heritage Celje, Programme and cost estimate for the restoration works at the church of St John [Peter] in Žiče, No. 02–342/1 (?), 23 July 1990 and photo library, Žiče, ž. c. sv. Petra, several boxes and independent photos.
[4] HÖFLER 2004, p. 257.
[5] Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Celje, documentation Žiče – ž. c. sv. Petra, a letter from the Institute for the Protection of the Natural and Cultural Heritage Celje to the parish office of St Peter in Žiče, subject: door canopies and the protection of frescoes at the parish church of St Peter in Žiče, No. 62–1709/1–97–33 (?), 26 March 1997.

Gallery

Floor plan with paintings

Žiče, Parish church of St Peter, 2024 (last updated 18. 2. 2025). Corpus picturarum muralium medii aevi, https://corpuspicturarum.zrc-sazu.si/en/spomenik/parisch-church-od-st-peter/ (19. 9. 2026).

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