A monumental mural portraying St Christopher is located approximately in the middle of the southern wall of the nave, to the left of the 17th-century portal. St Christopher is depicted in supernatural size and spans almost the entire height of the wall. There is no noticeable background. The predominant colours include yellow-ochre, red, and brown. The latter is also used for the drawings, with only a few accents painted in black. The saint stands strictly frontally, with his arms raised at the elbows. He supports the little Jesus with his right arm while holding a sprouting staff or a tree in his left. His right hand, with an irregularly shaped thumb and strongly accentuated tendons, is particularly noticeable. He is depicted as a younger man with a slightly pointed face, large almond-shaped light brown eyes (older photographic documentation shows that these were painted over during the most recent conservation and restoration works), a relatively broad nose with tiny nostrils, a small mouth, and a round chin. He wears a moustache and a short, curly brown beard that merely lines his lower jaw. The broad neck probably features V-shaped muscles. Behind the ears, the saint’s face is framed by brown hair falling loosely to his shoulders, while a simple yellow halo, surrounded by a darker line, is behind his head. He is wearing a long ochre-coloured undergarment covered with a dense red pattern consisting of a diagonal grid with quatrefoils. His long white belt features a black spear-shaped end. His sleeves conclude with a simple red hem. He has a red cloak draped over his shoulders, fastened with a clip shaped like a five-leafed red flower under his chin. The cloak has a broad white ermine collar over the shoulders and an equally bright lining. Below Christopher’s right elbow in particular, the cloak falls next to his body in a relatively complex cascade of folds with a fan-shaped starting point. The lower part of the saint’s body, from about the middle of his shins, has been destroyed.
At the height of his right shoulder, St Christopher holds a smaller figure of the holy boy Jesus, of whom only the body up to about the level of the shoulders has been preserved. The boy, wearing a white undergarment with a yellow mantle almost entirely wrapped around it, is turning to face Christopher. His bare feet are visible at the level of the saint’s chest. Jesus’ hands are only partially visible: his right might have been extended in front of him (perhaps in a gesture of blessing), while his left is raised above the saint’s head (perhaps he was grabbing Christopher’s hair). A slender yellow staff, topped by jagged foliage or canopy of the same colours at the level of the saint’s head, flanks almost the entire height of the composition on the right side.
The image of St Christopher has been preserved almost in its entirety. It is only missing the lower part of the saint’s legs and the upper part of Jesus’ body from somewhere around the shoulders upwards, including the head. The painting was severely damaged. Photographs taken before the last conservation and restoration works show that the colour layers were also severely deteriorated, partly due to the lack of any protection over the decades.[1] During the restoration in 1991, the mural was heavily retouched.[2]
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[1] See the Restoration and renovation interventions section.
[2] HÖFLER 2004, p. 257.
St Christopher shows the typical features of the High Gothic linear style (which the older literature refers to as the Early Gothic drawing style). The composition is characterised by the emphasis on the lines, which partly also suggest plasticity, while the coloured parts come across as exceedingly flat. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the tunic, where the painted textile pattern does not correspond to the plasticity of the body. However, as the colour layers have been relatively poorly preserved, the potential modelling may have been lost. Typologically, St Christopher corresponds to a scheme established in the Slovenian territory since the early 14th century. In terms of posture, the placement of the little Jesus, and partly also the clothing, the mural is particularly reminiscent of St Christopher from the parish church of St Jacob in Kostanjevica na Krki from the first quarter of the 14th century (nowadays taken down and kept in the Božidar Jakac Gallery in Kostanjevica na Krki)[1] and St Christopher in the parish church of Saints Peter and Paul in Vitanje from around 1330.[2] The use of a similar abstract textile pattern on the undergarment also links it to the Vitanje mural. The textile pattern, consisting of quatrefoils placed closely together, is one of the earliest patterns of this kind in the Slovenian territory.[3] Unlike the St Christopher murals in Kostanjevica and Vitanje, the one in Žiče is already much more schematically simplified.[4] Thus, the painting can be quite reliably included among the local High Gothic linear style trends in the Eastern Alpine area.
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[1] HÖFLER 2001, p. 105.
[2] HÖFLER 2004, pp. 240–241, 264.
[3] VODNIK 1998, p. 19. Žiče is not explicitly mentioned.
[4] ZIMMERMANN 1996, pp. 168–169; HÖFLER 2001, p. 240.
Due to the mural’s typological resemblance to St Christopher from the parish church of St Jacob in Kostanjevica na Krki from the first quarter of the 14th century (this mural has been taken down and is nowadays kept in the Božidar Jakac Gallery in Kostanjevica na Krki)[1] and to the one from the parish church of Sts Peter and Paul in Vitanje from around 1330,[2] as well as based on its schematic simplicity, the Žiče mural can be dated to the second quarter of the 14th century.[3] It can also be dated to the first half of the 14th century because of the use of the abstract textile pattern on the undergarment, consisting of quatrefoils placed closely together, which is one of the earliest patterns of this kind in the Slovenian territory.[4]
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[1] HÖFLER 2001, p. 105.
[2] HÖFLER 2004, pp. 240–241.
[3] ZIMMERMANN 1996, pp. 168–169, 234; HÖFLER 2001, p. 240; HÖFLER 2004, p. 257.
[4] VODNIK 1998, p. 19. Žiče is not explicitly mentioned.
It is unknown who exactly painted the St Christopher in Žiče. However, based on the location and style, it is possible to conclude that it was a painter who was very familiar with the local tradition. The somewhat inferior technical skills, particularly regarding the depiction of the anatomy, suggest that a slightly less skilful local painter may have been at work here, to whom no other works can be attributed for now.[1]
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[1] ZIMMERMANN 1996, p. 169; HÖFLER 2004, p. 258.
St Christopher’s iconographic design is very standard for the relevant time and place. The saint is depicted as supernaturally large. He also has a halo and a luxurious garment, while his size is even emphasised by the tree he uses as a staff. He holds the little Jesus in his right hand.[1]
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[1] Friederike WERNER, Christophorus, Leksikon der christlichen Ikonographie, 5 (ed. Wolfgang Braunfels), Rom-Freiburg-Basel-Wien 1994, coll. 496–508; PESKAR 1995, p. 312.
Given the amateur quality of the depictions, it is less likely that the Žiče Charterhouse commissioned them. According to the archival information relevant to the building’s architectural history, it is possible that the murals were commissioned by either the Lords of Sannegg or the Slovenske Konjice parish priest, though the local religious community cannot be excluded, either.[1]
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[1] Gašper Cerkovnik’s opinion.
Pigments: white lime, yellow ochre (goethite), red earth (haematite), and lead pigment(s) on the Virgin of Mercy with the mantle
Analytical techniques: OM, Raman, XRF, XRD
It is difficult to obtain good samples because the surface of the mural was probably consolidated during the restoration works and is therefore exceedingly hard. For this reason, all the samples are tiny, so it is barely possible to determine the composition of the plaster based on the cross-sections. It seems that the plaster under both scenes is identical, and it is also evident in situ that they were painted on the same plaster layer. No separations between the potential giornate can be discerned. The painting base appears bright and consists of lime and larger angular aggregate grains (Figs. 1–2), which are more easily visible under UV light (Fig. 1b). The plaster also contains darker sand, visible to the naked eye in situ and on the raw, untreated samples. However, they are not discernible in any of the cross-sections, as the samples are indeed tiny. The XRD analysis of the plaster sample taken from the lower edge of the portrayal of St Christopher reveals an unusual plaster composition, as it consists almost exclusively of dolomite. The lime was made from it, and it was also used as the aggregate, consisting of either crushed dolomite or marble. Calcite is extremely scarce, while only traces of quartz are present. The plaster also contains impurities indicated by feldspars and illite/muscovite, while clinochlore reveals the presence of chloride salts in the wall. Such high-quality plasters are relatively rare in the territory of today’s Slovenia, and they are an exceedingly unusual choice for the exterior: painters usually used them for interior murals, while outside, they would apply rough plasters made of lime and sand.
The St Christopher mural was painted with a simple colour palette: the painter used basic natural inorganic pigments such as white lime, yellow ochre (goethite), and red earth (haematite). A few reddish spots are visible on Christopher’s tunic (for example, above his left knee) – perhaps the yellow ochre has turned red because of high (summer?) temperatures. The brown colour is probably brown ochre rather than umber, as manganese – the characteristic chemical element that, along with iron, identifies umber – has not been detected in the sample. Only the sample taken from the bottom flap of Christopher’s cloak next to the Virgin of Mercy has revealed a low lead content. This is a small, still intensely coloured fragment that is peeling away from the plaster, while the cross-section reveals several colour layers (Fig. 3). This could be a repainting from before the end of the 19th century when lead pigments were still in use. However, it cannot be determined which layer contains the lead pigment. The pigment used to paint the black end of Christopher’s belt remains questionable, as the belt is mostly retouched and a sample could not be taken. It is possible that originally, the belt end was not even black. On the other hand, the Virgin of Mercy with the mantle clearly features different colours, as many areas have blackened – for example, the lining of the mantle and the carnations of the intercessors under the mantle. XRF analyses revealed high levels of iron and lead in all the samples taken from this scene, indicating the use of some earth pigment mixed with a lead pigment. Due to atmospheric influences, the latter has degraded, probably to black plattnerite. The Raman analysis has revealed haematite but has failed to more precisely determine the lead pigment. Interestingly, the sample appears black to the naked eye, while the cross-section reveals a red colour layer (Fig. 4). The same is also true of the blackened parts of the carnations of the figures under Mary’s mantle (Fig. 5). The colour layer was applied directly to the plaster, so it is not a subsequent repainting but instead contains the original pigments. Thus, the palettes used to paint St Christopher and the Virgin of Mercy with the mantle differ regarding the use of lead pigments, perhaps because they were painted by two different painters belonging to the same workshop and working on the same layer of plaster. The primary binder is lime from the plaster, while the lead pigments, which are unstable in the alkaline lime, and the finishing details, which have largely fallen off by now, were probably impregnated with some organic binder.
Despite the poor preservation of the murals and the damaged surface, which has mostly been filled in and retouched, the basic colour layers (especially the yellow and red ones) are still well preserved, indicating al fresco painting. This has also been confirmed by the cross-sections of the samples taken (Figs. 1–2), but it certainly appears that the plaster was already drying in some places, as in those areas, the boundary between the plaster and the colour layer is more clearly defined (Fig. 2). The painter seems to have applied even the lead pigments on fresh plaster, although he must have also impregnated them with some organic binder; the colour layer appears thick (Figs. 4–5). Meanwhile, he finished the final details al secco, and these have mostly fallen off by now. The sample from the flap of Christopher’s cloak is a good example of al secco painting, as the colour layer easily peels off the base. However, it may also be a subsequent repainting (Fig. 3).
There are no pouncings or incisions. The depiction of St Christopher clearly features a red underdrawing in several areas, covered in places by a darker red-brown final contour. The latter can be distinguished, for example, on Christopher’s belt and the knot in the middle (Fig. 6). A vertical red line dividing the two scenes, stamped with a string dipped in red colour (Fig. 7), is also clearly visible. The red underdrawing is not discernible in the case of the Virgin of Mercy with the mantle, except for the part of the mantle that extends to the depiction of St Christopher. The underdrawing for the portrayal of the Virgin Mary seems to have been painted in black (e.g. Mary’s arms, the upper part of her mantle, and the faces of the intercessors), while the final contour was also applied using a thick black colour rather than brown (Fig. 7). While Jesus’ face has not been preserved, Christopher has an elongated head with a broad and high forehead, his face narrowing slightly triangularly towards the chin. His eyes are large and wide open, while the eyebrows are unified with the line of the upper eyelid. This is a quite remarkable design, as in medieval mural painting, the eyebrows are usually separated from the eyes. A straight but broad nose, starting with a wide nasal ridge but ending in a narrower tip with narrow nostrils, continues from both eyebrows. The full mouth features a longer upper and shorter lower lip, while a diagonally placed moustache grows from under the nose. There is barely any colour modelling; the face has a basic light-coloured carnation with a bit of ochre shading applied only around the eyes and along the nose. The saint’s neck is shaped in a darker ochre colour, while the two V-shaped tendons – probably one of the features characteristic of this painter – stand out brightly. The dark-brown hair around Christopher’s head falls down his neck to his shoulders. Mary’s face seems to be different, though. It is more rounded, her chin is broad and emphasised with a line in the middle, while regarding her eyes, it is impossible to discern whether the preserved semi-circular line depicts eyebrows or similarly shaped large eyes as in the case of St Christopher. Given the broad nasal ridge and the barely perceptible large iris of Mary’s right eye, it seems more likely that her face was modelled like that of St Christopher. Unfortunately, her nose has not been preserved, while her mouth is smaller and more pouted. It has also blackened; perhaps it was painted with minium. The basic shape of the intercessors’ faces resembles Mary’s, as they are also circular. However, they have been heavily retouched and quite a few have been reconstructed, so we do not know what they were like originally. The intercessors’ eyebrows are set rather high and their eyes are mostly partly closed, featuring prominent upper eyelids and round irises, while the lower eyelids are practically non-existent. The noses come across as somewhat potato-shaped, while most mouths are smiling. The modelling of the hands and feet is only seen in the case of St Christopher. The saint has long, narrow hands with long, thin fingers. Over the basic light-pink colour of the carnation, the painter applied darker shading running along the back of the hands to the fingers, emphasising the tendons. He also shaded the insides of the palms in this manner. Jesus’ feet appear flat but are still beautifully modelled with their small, thin, parallel toes. They are shaded around the ankles and along the inner edge of the instep and toes. The draperies are modelled with darker folds, which the painter applied on top of the basic colours using a broad brush. The upper part of Christopher’s cloak, hanging over his shoulders, is painted rather schematically, as the folds are drawn with darker parallel lines without any discernible shading or soft transitions between colours. It is possible that the subsequent shading has fallen off. The saint’s coat, decorated with small squares all over its surface (probably with the help of a stencil), also looks flat, resembling armour. There is no softness to the fabric, nor can the saint’s body be discerned under the tunic. We should underline that the bodies of St Christopher and St Mary are designed in the same manner, with broad shoulders and narrower torsos tapering to slender waists and then widening with a curve at the hips, resulting in a particular sort of elegance. The halos of the two figures are different: while the saint has a simple one, painted with only the basic yellow colour and a single outer dark outline, Mary’s is red and shaped with a double outer line. The composition of what appears to be a single plaster underneath both scenes, the shape of the two main bodies, and perhaps their faces suggest that the mural is the work of the same master. On the other hand, the different colours of the underdrawing and the final contour, the diverse choice of pigments, and the varying halos support the two painters hypothesis. If they painted on the same layer of plaster, they must have belonged to the same workshop, as they worked simultaneously.
Žiče, Parish church of St Peter, Stage 1 (Žiče), 2024 (last updated 18. 2. 2025). Corpus picturarum muralium medii aevi, https://corpuspicturarum.zrc-sazu.si/en/poslikava/phase-1-zice/ (19. 9. 2026).
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