Pigments: lime white, yellow earth, red earth, umber, organic black, some lead pigment
Analytical techniques: OM, XRF
The plaster is solid, probably because a more recent plaster was applied over an older mural. Cross-sections reveal a slightly orange plaster made of lime and aggregate consisting of rounded translucent grains of different granulations (Figs 1–2). The numerous small white lumps of lime indicate that the plaster was not sufficiently rested and that the lime was not mixed well enough. It also contains red pigment particles; it may have been deliberately tinted or poorly washed and therefore includes a considerable amount of impurities. XRD analyses have not yet been carried out. Limewash can be observed in several samples (Fig. 2).
Few colours have been preserved. Based on XRF analyses, we can confirm the use of red earth (iron) for the red bordure on the fragment near the window (Fig. 1); the light pink colour was made of a lot of white lime (calcium), a little red earth, and a bit of umber (manganese, iron, Fig. 2); while the blue colour is actually grey, mixed from white lime, a little red earth, and some organic black pigment, perhaps lampblack (Fig. 3). The XRF analysis has also revealed a low content of a certain lead pigment (lead). The binders include lime water, lime milk, and lime from the plaster or limewash.
Considering that a layer of limewash has been found on all the samples taken and that the thick, bright colour layer is peeling off the plaster in several places, we can conclude that the mural was carried out mainly in the lime technique. However, this cannot be confirmed with certainty because only a few fragments of the mural have been preserved.
The mural is only visible in three spots, with only a few colour layers discernible, so it is impossible to discuss the painting process or modelling.
Kozjak, Succursal church of St Hermagoras and Fortunatus, Stage 1 (Kozjak), 2024 (last updated 29. 8. 2024). Corpus picturarum muralium medii aevi, https://corpuspicturarum.zrc-sazu.si/en/poslikava/phase-1-kozjak/ (21. 9. 2026).
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